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Glossary
4H
an agricultural club for young people that features hands-on learning and cool blue jackets
Above The Line
Refers to the creative elements of a production such as the writer, producer, director and actors. Literally, these are the elements which appeared above a bold line which divided standard production budget sheets. (Production)
Acre
An acre is a unit of measure and is a square approximately 209 feet per side. It is also about the size of a football field. Farmland is usually measured and spoken of in acres. 43,681 square feet in size.
Adr
automaticdialog replacement Sometimes called "looping " A process of re-recording dialog in a sound studio in synch with the movie
Aerial Shot
an overhead shot taken from a crane, helicopter or plane ?
American Montage
a typical style of editing which condenses time or events in just a few shots Sometimes called a Hollywood montage ?
Anamorphic Lens
a lens allowing a wider image to be captured on a standard-sized frame
Animation
when inanimate or individual drawings are photographed frame by frame to create an illusion of movement By speeding up the objects or drawings minutely for each frame the film can make objects or characters appear to move as if they are "animated
Aperture
an adjustable hole that limits the amount of light passing through a camera Sometimes called the lens aperture ?
Arc Light
high-intensity stage lamp using a carbon arc discharge as the source of light?
Area Lighting
lighting that illuminates specific areas of a film set rather than the entire set, usually with spotlights rather than floodlights ?
Augers
long tubular pieces of equipment to move grain Augers have a circular shaft up the middle which pushes the grain from one end to the other end and into or out of storage bins Usually powered by large tractors, electric motors or hydraulic motors and are very dangerous if proper safety precautions are not used
Baby Spot
a spotlight with 500 to 1000 Watts of lighting?
Back Lighting
a style of illumination in which light comes from behind the objects or people being photographed, producing halo-like highlights around the subject Sometimes called Rembrandt lighting ?
Background Light
light which illuminates background areas of a film set adding depth?
Background Music
music that accompanies a movie Sometimes called foreground music ?
Bale
a retangular shaped, pressed package of hay
Below The Line
refers to the technical elements of the production staff Budget items that usually appear below a bold line on a standard production budget
Bins
covered concrete or corrugated metal structures are used to store grains
Biosolids
organic waste by-products from agrecultural production or sewage treatment plants that are spread on farm fields as a fertilizer
Biotechnology
the use of microorganisms-plant or animal cells, to produce products or carry out processes
Bird'S Eye View
shooting a scene from directly overhead; also known as an overhead shot ?
Boom
a pole used to extend a microphone, permitting sound recordings without being scene in the shot Also known as boom microphone ?
Bull
sexually mature male bovine
Bushel
a unit of volume measure used to caculate the measure of grains and produce A bushel of wheat is deemed to weigh 60 pounds, corn or milo 56 pounds
Call Sheet
a list of required actors and crew members needed for upcoming scenes to be shot that day This sheet is usually prepared by the Assistant Director
Camera Angle
the position of the camera in relation to the object/subject during a shoot
Camera Blocking
the process of noting a camera's position, lens size, and focus during a particular shot
Canal
a waterway built to allow water to flow from one point to another
Carryover
the inventory of a commodity not yet used at the end of the year The year usaully starts at the beginning of the new harvest for that commodity
Cash Crop
what a farmer raises, either crops or animals, to sell
Cellulose
part of plant cells that is not digestible by most animals
Cereal Grains
refers to seeded grains like wheat, rice, barley,or oats
Cinemascope
the marketing name for wide-screen films shot and projected with special lenses on both the camera and the projector?
Cinematographer
the director of photography, responsible for the lighting and sometimes film shots Sometimes called a lighting cameraman ?
Cinerama
a wide-screen motion picture process using three cameras and three projectors, a wide curved screen, and stereophonic sound Three separate images are projected at the same time onto the special screen
Close-Up
a close view of an actor or an object
Cob
the round part of an ear of corn where kernels grow
Color Timing
the process of controlling the color in the film and keeping it consistant throughout Usually done electronically during post production
Combine
a large self-propelled machine used to harvest grain crops
Commodity
an agricultural good or item
Compaction
the compression of air spaces in the soil using heavy equipment
Compilation Film
a film composed using mostly stock footage or clips from old movies
Corn Ears
part of a corn plant containing the cob, husk, and kernels
Corn Husk
the leaf on the outside of corn ears, sometimes called a "shuck"
Cradle
a tool used for gathering crops
Crops
crops are plants that can be grown and harvested to eat or sell Crops are grains, nuts, veggies and even trees
Cross-Cutting
editing shots of two or more actions happening at the same time Some call this parallel action?
Cultivate
to improve the land by weeding, plowing and/or fertilizing
Cut-Away Shot
a shot of an image or an action in a film scene which is not part of the main action; sometimes used to cover breaks in a scene's continuity ?
Dailies
the footage from the current day to be viewed by the director, producers, cimematographer, and editor early the following day
Dialog Coach
dialog coach assists actors in delivering the manner of speaking for each role
Dialog Editor
editor that specializes in working with the film's dialog
Dialogue
speech between two or more characters in a film
Director'S Cut
the cut of a film under the director's strict control without input from the producer or studio
Disk
preparing the soil for planting by cutting (disking) the soil with rotating metal disks; usually pulled behind a tractor
Documentary
non-fiction film using real people rather than actors and real events instead of scripts than scripted stories
Dolby Sound
a system to reduce the noise level of a tape or recording to achieve better sound fidelity
Dolly
a small vehicle or truck to transport the camera, equipment and/or crew
Domesticate
to tame and/or breed for use by humans
Double Exposure
superimposition of multiple images on a single film strip
Drill
a piece of equipment for seeding that is usually pulled by a tractor The drill is used to plant wheat or other crops It makes a groove in the ground, drops the seeds into it and covers them with soil
Dubbing
adding sound to a moive after the scenes have been shot and edited
Ecology
the study our environment and all the ways that living things interact within it
Ecosystem
a community of living and non-living things that interact by exchanging matter and energy
Edit Master
term for the tape that has the complete edited program
Editing
the process of building and sequencing filmed scenes into a final product
Elevator
piece of equipment that moves items such as hay bales or straw bales to be stored in the upper levels of a barn or hay shed
Enzymes
proteins that start a chemical reaction
Epic
a genre of film characterized by sweeping historical themes, heroic action, spectacular settings, period costumes, and usually a very large cast of actors ?
Erosion
wearing away of topsoil by water, wind, overgrazing or intensive farming
Establishing Shot
a camera shot which "establishes" the location of a scene ?
Ethanol
natural gas that is produced from corn
Excrete
to get rid of waste, such as manure
Expense
cost or charge of money
Expose
investigative documentary that reveals discreditable information or events ?
Extension Agency
a research department of an agricultural university which provides educational programs on farming
Fade
an optical effect in which the screen gradually brightens as a shot appears (fade-in) or gradually darkens as a shot goes to black or another blank color (fade-out)
Fallow
left wihtout tilling or sowing after plowing
Farm Bureau
a non-governmental political agency that works for farmers' rights
Fast Film
film stock that is highly sensitive to light
Fast Motion
shots photographed slower than the standard speed of 24 frames per second (fps)
Feature Film
full-length movie produced for commercial distribution ?
Federal Crop Insurance
a voluntary risk management tool, available to farmers since the 1930s, that protects them from the economic effects of unavoidable adverse natural events
Feed
mixture or preparation used for feeding livestock that could include cracked, ground, or processed grains Feed is often mixed with added nutrients for better animal health
Feed Grains
coarser grains such as corn, milo, and soybeans
Feed Lots
small area where cattle are confined and fed carefully mixed, high-concentrate feed to fatten them up for slaughter
Feeder Cattle
ready for market cattle weighing 550-650 pounds or heavier
Femme Fatale
the French word for "fatal woman " ;irresistibly attractive woman who leads men to doom and destruction
Fertilizer
organic or inorganic nutrients that are added to the soil to help crops grow
Fiction Film
film that employs invented plots or characters
Fill Light
Illumination for a camera shots which softens shadows thrown by the key light?
Film Criticism
analysis and evaluation of films?
Film Noir
the French word for "black film " A type of film, mainly produced in Hollywood during the 1940s and 1950s, which depicts "dark" themes
Film Stock
unexposed film with variable characteristics, such as gauge (16mm, 35mm, 70mm), color (black-and-white, color), speed (fast film, slow film), grain (high-grain, or low-grain)?
Filmography
bibliographic listing of a an artist's body of work ?
Final Cut
edited version of a film as it will be released for viewing
Finances
management of money affairs
Findley Payment
portion of the deficiency payment ntended to compensate producers for any loss of income if the Secretary of Agriculture invokes his authority to lower loan rates in order to make U S prices competitive in the world market
Fixing
the process of nitrogen changing into a less mobile and more usable form by combining with hydrogen to make ammonia
Flail
a wooden bar with a wooden handle used for removing grain or seeds from stalks
Flashback
shot or sequence which depicts action that occurred before the film's current time period?
Floodlight
studio lamp that illuminates a wide area by "flooding" it with light
Footage
exposed film stock?
Foreground Music
music that emanates from a source within the film scene, such as a "live" orchestra or a radio
Formula
a common plot or pattern of dramatic action which is often repeated or imitated
Frame
ach individual photograph recorded on motion picture film
Freeze Frame
stopping a frame of film or video and making it look like a still photograph
Full Shot
a long shot that includes the human body "fully" within the frame
Futurefarmers Of America (FFA)
an educational organization for young adults who plan a career in agriculture
Gene
the DNA code in the cells of all living things
Genre
a type of movie, such as westerns or sci-fi films, which employs similar plots, narrative conventions, character types
Grade
classification of food quality
Grain
minute crystals of light-sensitive silver halide within the emulsion on film stock
Grain Elevator
commercial storage facility used to store grains
Grass
a type of plant with jointed stems, slender flat leaves and spike like flowers such as corn and wheat
Graze
to eat what grows on the ground in a pasture or field
Grit
the inside of a corn kernel exposed after the outer covering, or hull, is removed
Groundwater
underground water that has seeped through soil layers and bedrock
Hand-Held Camera
a shot where the camera operator supports and moves the camera during filming?
Hard Lighting
illumination which creates stark contrast between light and dark (shadow)
Harvest
gathering a crops when it is finished growing
Hay
certain grasses which are cut, baled and fed to animals
Herbicide
pesticide that kills weeds
High-Angle Shot
film shot where the camera is tilted down at the subject
Homestead
the place where a family makes its home
Humus
sticky, brown part of the soil that comes from dead plants and animals and contains nutrients
Hybrid
an offspring of two animals or plants that are of different breeds, varieties or species
Hydroponic
grown in water without the use of soil
Import Quota
maximum quantity or value of a commodity allowed to enter a country during a certain period of time
Income
a gain in monies as a result of business or labor
Independent Film
motion picture produced apart from a commercial film studio
Indigenous Sound
sound or music originating from an apparent source in a scene
Ingenue
a naive girl or young woman in a film
Inputs
the amount of energy and money put into a farm
Insecticide
a type of pesticide that kills bugs
Insert
a shot of a detail edited into the main action of a scene
Intellectual Montage
editing intended to convey an abstract or intellectual concept by juxtaposing concrete images
Intensive Grazing
practice of rotating livestock between pastures to reduce overgrazing
International Trade Barriers
regulations used by governments to restrict imports from, and exports to, other countries
Inventory
a list of current goods that you own
Kernel
the seed of a grain plant
Legume
plant that grows seeds in a pod such as peas and beans
Lip Sync
when lip movement and the speech heard fit together correctly
Live Action
movie action with living people and real things, rather than action created by animation?
Livestock
animals raised on the farm
Loan Rate
price per unit (bushel, bale, pound) at which the government will provide loans to farmers and processors
Location Shooting
filming in an actual setting, either outdoors or indoors, rather than in a motion picture studio
Long Shot
shot that shows a broad view of a subject within its setting
Loop
film footage spliced together in order to run continuously
Manure
animal waste from stables or barnyards
Market
where products are sold and exchanged
Master Shot
a single shot, usually a long shot or a full shot, which provides a view of the action in an entire scene ?
Matte
mask fitting over the camera lens so that only a certain area of the image is exposed
Matter
the material which makes up something
ME Track
refers to the music and effects tracks which are combined into one (or a stereo pair) for use with foreign language
Metaphor
comparison between two otherwise unlike entities, usually achieved in films by montage?
Method Acting
naturalistic style of acting taught by the Russian actor-director, Konstantin Stanislavsky, where the actor identifies with the character
Mickey Mousing
creating music that mimics or reproduces a film's visual action, as, for example, in many Walt Disney cartoons?
Microorganisms
tiny living things only seen with a microscope
Mill
a machine used to grind grain
Monoculture
planting the same crop in a field year after year without rotation
Monologue
character speaking alone on screen articulating her or his thoughts in voice-over as an interior monologue
Montage
to assemble film images by editing shots together, often rapidly to condense passing time or events
Motif
recurring subject, theme, or image in a movie
Multilateral Agreement
agreement or program involving three or more countries such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and North American Free Trade Agreement
Musical
film genre that incorporates song and dance routines into the film's story or flow
Narration
commentary spoken directly to the audience rather than indirectly through dialogue
Narrative Montage
editing that constructs a story with film images by arranging shots in sequenced order
Naturalism
style of filmmaking which is very realistic and which avoids any semblance of artifice
Negative Image
photographic image in which dark and light tones are reversed, with dark areas appearing light on the screen and light areas appearing dark?
Neo-Realism
Italian film movement after World War II characterized by starkly realistic, humanistic stories and documentary-like camera style
Net Farm Income
money and non-money income farm operators receive from farming as a return for labor, investment and management after production expenses
Newsreel
type of short film that presents a compilation of current news
No Till
method of growing grain when the farmer does not plow the field before planting
Nodule
swelling on the root of a legume that contains bacteria that fix nitrogen from the air
Non-Fiction Film
film that does not use invented plot or invented characters
Non-Point Source Pollution
pollution that cannot be detected from a specific point or any specific land use
Nonrecourse Loan
price support loan to farmers to enable them to hold their crops for later sale
Normal Crop Acreage
acreage on a farm normally devoted to a group of designated crops
Nutrients
nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and minerals that plants need to grow
Offal
inedible parts of a butchered animal removed while cleaning or dressing it
Organic Farming
producing foods without the use of man-made fertilizers, growth subtances, or pesticides
Organic Matter
dead plants, animals and manure converted by earthworms and bacteria into humus
Out-Take
footage deleted from a film during editing
Overcrank
to run film footage through the camera faster than the standard speed of 24 frames per second (fps), producing slow motion on the screen when the film is projected
Pan
short for "panorama " A shot where the camera pivots horizontally, turning from left to right or from right to left
Parity Price
price per bushel, pound or bale that would be necessary today to buy the same quantity of goods (from a standard list) that a bushel would have bought in the 1910-1914 base period at the price then prevailing
Pastures
land or a plot of land used for grazing animals
Pay Or Play
contract provision which commits the production company to compensate a cast or crew member for a project whether or not that project ever gets completed
Payment Limitation
limitation on the amount of money any one individual may receive in farm program payments
Pesticide
substance that kills any pest, including insects, fungi, and weeds
PH
value that indicates the acidity of the soil
Photosynthesis
process by which green plants use light energy from the sun to produce sugar from water and the air
Pixilation
type of film animation wherereal objects or people are photographed frame by frame in order to make them appear to move abruptly or magically
Planter
piece of equipment for seeding that is pulled behind a tractor
Plow
to work the soil by turning over the top layer; or a machine used to turn the top layer of soil
Point-Of-View Shot (POV)
shot taken from the vantage point of a character in a film
Point-Source Pollution
pollution that can be detected emptying into a river from a treatment plant or a factory
Pollinate
fertilize by transferring pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower
Pork Bellies
meat from the belly area of a pig normally used for bacon
Port
town or city where ships are loaded with products to be shipped
Post Production
after principal photography, the stage of editing, color correction, titles, composing music, and sound mixing
Postsynchronized Sound
sound added to images after they have been photographed and assembled also called dubbing
Principal Photography
all shots that include the lead actors
Process Shot
shot in which "live" foreground action is photographed against a background image projected on a translucent screen?
Product Placement
a product is displayed on screen as an advertisement within the movie or TV show
Program Yield
term designating the average historical yield established for a particular farm or area
Property
any movable item used on a theater or film set Sometimes called a prop?
Pullet
female chicken under 1 year old
Puppet Film
animated film in which inanimate objects or figures are manipulated and photographed frame by frame
Pure Film
type of experimental film that explores the purely visual possibilities of cinema rather than narrative possibilities?
Rack Focus
to change the focus of a lens during a shot in order to call attention to specific images
Reaction Shot
shot that shows a character's reaction to what has occurred in the previous shot?
Realism
style of filmmaking which endeavors to depict physical reality much as it appears in the everyday world
Rendering Plant
place where lard, tallow, and oil are extracted from animal parts
Residual
amount of money paid to a writer or performer for additional exploitation of their work, for instance for repeats or sales
Roost
place where chickens spend the night; also called a perch
Rotation
the changing of the specific fields used for one crop year to year
Rough Cut
early version of a film in which shots and sequences are roughly assembled but not yet finely edited
Row Dividers
large points on the end of a combine used to pick-up corn
Rumen
first large compartment of the stomach of a bovine and other ruminant animals
Runner
junior member of the production team on a big shoot or junior employee in a post production house or studioh etc
Running Time
duration of a finished film ?
Runoff
rainfall or snow melt water that moves across agricultural or nonagricultural land into a nearby lake, stream or river
Rushes
unedited source material from a shoot - the recording tapes taken out of the camera immediately after shooting and before the editing stage
Scene
unit of film composed of one shot or several interrelated shots unified by a single location, incident, or set of characters
Science-Fiction Film
film genre characterized by plot and action involving scientific fantasy
Screen Time
the time covered by a film's story, as opposed to its running time?
Screwball Comedy
type of comic film characterized by zany characters, incongruous situations, and fast-breaking events?
Scrim
translucent sheet of material used to soften or diffuse light on a shooting set
Script
set of written specifications for a motion picture production, usually delineating the film's settings, action, dialogue, camera coverage, lighting and sound effects, and music?
Scythe
blade with a long handle used to cut grass, grain, and other crops
Second Unit
crews in charge of filming minor scenes, usually at a separate location
Sequence
unit of film composed of interrelated shots or scenes, usually leading up to a dramatic climax?
Set Dressing
items of decoration which are not designated in the script
Set-Up
positioning of the camera and lights for a specific shot
Setting
location for a film or a film scene?
Shear
the act of cutting hair or wool
Shock
a pile of grain that is set up like a cone
Shot
single, continuous run of the camera
Shot-By-Shot Analysis
close and thorough study of the separate shots that make up a scene
Shutter
mechanical device on a motion picture camera that shields the film from light
Sight Gag
visual joke; a piece of non-verbal comic action in a movie
Silage
a mixture of raw materials such as field corn, sorghum, grass, or clover that is converted into winter feed for livestock
Slapstick Comedy
broad comedy characterized by violent physical action ?
Slaughterhouse
location where animals marketed for meat are killed humanely and processed
Soil Conservation
careful preservation or protection of soil
Sound Effects
any sound in a film other than dialogue, narration, or music?
Species
a group of living things that share common biological characteristics
Splice
to join two pieces of film?
Split-Screen
division of the film frame into two or more separate areas for images
Spotlight
studio lamp that illuminates a relatively small, specific area, or "spot
Stand-In
a person who resembles a show's actor and is used as a reference for during long lighting setups and camera blocking
Star System
system developed in the early days of Hollywood to market movies based on the appeal of popular actors and actresses, "movie stars," who were under contract with commercial motion picture studios to play leading roles in their productions
Steer
a bull that has been castrated for better meat production
Stewardship
an individual's responsibility to exercise care over possessions entrusted to him or her
Still
photograph taken of a film scene for promotional purposes, not to be confused with a frame enlargement reproduced from actual film footage?
Stock Footage
move footage from previously existing films, filed in film libraries or archives, which is incorporated into a new film, usually to provide scenic background or for stock situations and settings, such as war scenes or foreign locations
Stop-Motion Photography
filming real objects or live action by starting and stopping the camera, rather than by running the camera continuously, in order to create pixilation, trick-film effects, or time-lapse photography
Storyboard
series of still images, usually drawings, depicting the structure of a film, sequence, animation or graphic
Straight Cut
two shots edited together without opitcal effects
Straw
stems of the wheat or oat plants which are cut and baled and often used for animal bedding
Subtitle
written caption superimposed over action, usually at the bottom of the frame, to identify a scene or to translate dialogue from a foreign language?
Superimposition
expose more than one image on film at the same time?
Symbol
object or image that has significance within a dramatic context beyond its literal meaning?
Synchronization
precise match between film image and sound
Synchronous Sound
xound whose source is apparent in a film scene and which matches the action
Take
movie shot resulting from one continuous run of the camera
Tariff
system of duties imposed by government on both imported and exported goods
Tassel
silky strands at the top of the corn plant
Technology
instruments, tools or inventions developed through research to increase efficiency